Inclusion–Exclusion in Mathematics and Beyond: Who stays in, who falls
out, why it happens, and what we could do about it

The question of why women and minorities are under-represented in
mathematics is complex and there are no simple answers, only many
contributing factors. I will draw on a combination of precise mathematical
reasoning, techniques of abstract mathematical thinking, and my
experiences as a woman in the male-dominated field of mathematics.
I will argue that if we focus character traits rather than gender we can
have a more productive and less divisive conversation, about math and
beyond. I will present a new theory for doing so, showing that we can use
abstract mathematical thinking to work towards a more inclusive society in
this politically divisive era.